10 Most Common Autoimmune Diseases

10 Most Common Autoimmune Diseases

Your body is generally very good at telling what’s a foreign invader, like a virus or bacteria, and what’s not — but sometimes, it gets it wrong. 

If you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system has begun to associate parts of your body, like your skin or joints, as foreign. When this occurs, the body releases antibodies that attack those healthy cells. 

Essentially, your immune system overreacts. That’s what leads to autoimmune diseases. There are many of these kinds of illnesses, but some are much more common than others. 

1. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Attacking Your Joints

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which your immune system attacks the joints throughout your body. It attacks the joints on both sides of your body and leads to uncontrolled inflammation that damages cartilage. The joints can begin to deform, and your bones can even erode. 

You can experience symptoms like:

  • Pain, stiffness, and swelling in joints
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Weakness

With rheumatoid arthritis, you can have periods of remission when you have few to no symptoms, but these are followed by flare-ups. 

2. Type One Diabetes: Targeting Insulin-Producing Cells

Your pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which regulates your blood sugar levels. If you have type one diabetes, your immune system attacks the cells in your pancreas that produce insulin. You can experience symptoms like:

  • Extreme thirst
  • Fatigue
  • Blurred vision
  • Frequent urination
  • Weight loss
  • Vaginal yeast infections
  • Slow healing of sores and cuts

Type one diabetes has a strong genetic component, and there may be certain environmental factors, like viruses or toxins, that can also trigger the disease if you have a predisposition. 

3. Multiple Sclerosis: Damaging Myelin Sheaths

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that damages the coating that surrounds nerve cells. These are called myelin sheaths, and if they’re damaged, the transmission speed of messages between your brain and your spinal cord can be delayed. 

You can experience symptoms like:

  • Muscle weakness
  • Numbness 
  • Changes to your vision
  • Loss of balance
  • Mood changes
  • Trouble with cognitive function

You can experience remission periods in which you may not have any symptoms. 

4. Psoriasis: Leading Skin Cells to Multiple Too Quickly

Usually, skin cells grow and then die off and shed. Psoriasis causes cells to multiply too rapidly, leading to the formation of patches. People who have lighter skin tones can have patches that appear red with white plaque scales, while on darker skin tones, the patches can appear purple or dark brown with gray scales. 

It can cause symptoms like:

  • Raised areas of thick skin
  • Rashes
  • Flaky or scaly plaque 

There are a few types of psoriasis, with some appearing in your skin folds and some even causing pus-filled bumps. 

5. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Swelling in the Intestinal Wall

Inflammatory bowel disease causes the lining of the intestinal wall to swell. Different parts of your gastrointestinal tract are affected depending on where the inflammation is located. 

Symptoms include:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Anemia
  • Malnutrition
  • Weight loss
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Fecal incontinence 

One type of inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn’s disease, which can cause inflammation anywhere along the tract, from your mouth to your anus. Ulcerative colitis, however, affects the lining of the large intestine and rectum. Microscopic colitis causes inflammation that can only be seen via a microscope. 

6. Lupus: Causing Inflammation Throughout Your Body

Lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes your immune system to attack your entire body. Common symptoms include:

  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Swollen glands
  • Hair loss
  • Fever
  • Rashes
  • Blood clots
  • Confusion

There are a few types of lupus, including lupus that only affects your skin and medication-induced lupus. 

7. Graves’ Disease: Overworking Your Thyroid

This type of immune disease attacks your thyroid gland, leading it to produce too many hormones. This can lead you to experience symptoms like:

  • Fast heartbeat
  • Unintentional weight loss
  • Goiter
  • Heat intolerance

Some people who have this condition can experience symptoms that affect the skin or eyes. 

8. Addison’s Disease: Impacting the Adrenal Glands

Addison’s disease is a chronic condition in which your adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is a hormone that helps your body respond to stress while also helping you maintain blood pressure, heart function, and more. Aldosterone is a hormone that controls your body’s sodium and potassium levels. 

You can experience symptoms like:

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Patches of dark skin
  • Fatigue that gets progressively worse
  • Loss of appetite
  • Dehydration 

Some people also experience low blood sugar levels with the disease. 

9. Sjögren’s Disease: Causing Dry Eyes and Mouth

This illness occurs when your immune system attacks the glands that create moisture in your mouth, eyes, and other parts of your body. There is primary Sjögren’s disease, which occurs on its own, and secondary Sjögren’s disease, which happens when another condition triggers the disease. 

You can experience symptoms like:

  • Dry nose and frequent nosebleeds
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Dry and itchy eyes
  • Dry throat 

Some people also experience muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, and even trouble swallowing. 

10. Celiac Disease: Attacking the GI Tract

People who have Celiac disease can’t have gluten, which is a protein found in rye, wheat, and other grain products. If you have this disease, your immune system reacts to any gluten it finds in the small intestine, leading to inflammation. You can experience symptoms like:

  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal bleeding 
  • Constipation 

Because your immune system attacks your gut if you eat gluten, it doesn’t allow you to receive the nutrients you need. People may experience nutritional deficiencies that can cause many other symptoms. 

Managing Autoimmune Diseases with Regenerative Medicine 

Most autoimmune conditions can be managed. One of the most promising options, especially when combined with other treatments, is regenerative medicine

Regenerative medicine options like stem cell therapy harness your body’s natural healing mechanisms. They can help reduce inflammation, which plays a huge role in most autoimmune diseases. With less inflammation, blood circulation improves, bringing more nutrients and oxygen to the affected areas. 

To determine whether regenerative medicine is a good choice to help manage your autoimmune conditions, consult with your doctor. 

Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Managing Spinal Cord Injuries

Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Managing Spinal Cord Injuries

Nerve damage resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to temporary or permanent loss of function and contributes to poor quality of life. Most common among males below 30 years of age, SCI recovery has been limited specifically as a result of the low growth capacity of neurons and a lack of nerve growth factors.

While current SCI treatment focuses on stabilizing the injured area and preventing secondary injury through a combination of surgery, pharmacological intervention, and rehabilitation, the success of treatment has been limited and unable to stimulate spinal cord regeneration. 

Considering the limited success of confidential SCI treatments, several types of stem cells are currently being tested for the treatment of SCI, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs), umbilical cord (UC-MSCs), and adipose tissue (ADSCs).  

In this review, Liau et al. discuss the current status of MSC therapy for SCI, criteria to consider when applying MSC therapy, and review novel biological therapies that can be used together with MSC therapy to enhance its therapeutic potential.

Based on the results of clinical trials, the authors conclude that MSC therapy is beneficial for SCI patients. While not all patients responded to MSC therapy, the authors note that observed improvement varied from patient to patient. In addition to discrepancies attributed to patient variations, source of MSC, route of stem cell administration, timing of cell administration, number of cell administrations, number of cells administered, and cell preparation methods were also observed to affect the efficacy of therapy. 

Despite the delayed progress in phase III trials, there are several new therapeutic treatment strategies that incorporate stem cell secretory product-based therapy, including stem cell secretome therapy, scaffold-based therapy, and immunotherapy. The authors indicate that all of these novel therapeutic approaches may be able to be used in combination with MSC therapy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs by improving cell survival, migration, engraftment, and proliferation.

The authors conclude this review by summarizing that, to date, MSC therapy has been demonstrated to be safe but unable to improve neurological function for all treated patients. Despite the limited success of this therapy, other studies are currently underway in an effort to improve the delivery of MSCs and MSC-derived products by utilizing scaffolds or by combining them with immunotherapy to improve the efficacy of the treatment.

Source:  “Treatment of spinal cord injury with mesenchymal stem cells – NCBI.” 22 Sep. 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510077/.

How to Remove a Tense Shoulder Knot That Won’t Go Away

How to Remove a Tense Shoulder Knot That Won’t Go Away

Your muscles contract and relax throughout the day. These natural muscle movements assist in musculoskeletal control, but what happens when there’s too much tension in your muscles? Extreme muscle contractions can lead to neck and shoulder pain, especially if you’re under a lot of stress. If you can feel a hard, inflamed spot in your shoulders, you may be dealing with a painful shoulder knot. Here’s what you can do to relieve that bothersome muscle tension. 

Relieve Your Shoulder Knot with a Deep Tissue Massage 

Massage therapists are trained in releasing tight muscle knots. If you’re dealing with a persistent shoulder knot, consider getting a deep tissue massage. It can be difficult to reach your shoulders by yourself at the depths you need, so going to a licensed massage therapist is best. 

Deep tissue massages relax the deepest layers of your muscles. They may feel uncomfortable in the moment, but afterward, you’ll experience intense muscle relaxation. 

Self-Massage Techniques 

If you can’t get to a massage therapist, use a hard ball (like a baseball) to work the tension out of your shoulders. You can do this by placing the ball between your shoulders and a wall and pressing into the ball with your body weight. 

Alternatively, you can use a vibrating massage tool to work the tension out of your shoulders. Ask a friend or partner for help if you can’t reach the knot with the instrument. 

Alternate Hot and Cold to Reduce Inflammation

Tense shoulder knots are usually inflamed, which leads to redness and soreness in the area. To relieve inflammation, alternate between hot and cold exposure. Use a heating pad for 10 to 20 minutes, then replace it with an ice pack for the same amount of time. 

Alternating between heat and cold reduces swelling in your body. When you apply heat, your muscles relax, and blood flows to the area. After you apply a cold compress, your blood vessels constrict, which helps relieve painful inflammation in your shoulders. 

You may find that this releases the shoulder knot on its own. However, most people must try other therapies to fully get rid of tense muscle knots. 

Reduce Stress and Clear Your Mind

It might sound counterproductive to focus on your mental health while you’re experiencing physical pain. However, shoulder knots often form because of stress. If you carry psychological stress in your neck and shoulders, your muscles are more likely to tense up and create knots. 

Try different stress relief techniques to reduce tension and allow your muscles to fully relax. You can try a hot bath, journaling, meditation, and yoga. 

Stretch Your Shoulders and Neck

As you’re doing yoga to try to relax, opt for some deep neck and shoulder stretches. Always pay attention to your comfort levels as you do this. Stretches shouldn’t hurt, although you may experience mild soreness from the shoulder knot. 

Use a yoga block if you need extra support, relax your muscles, and allow the stretches to gently pull your shoulder muscles out of the painful knot. 

Trigger Point Therapy

Your body has specific spots that carry muscle tension and tightness. These are called trigger points. Pressing on trigger points may relax the muscles that are creating your shoulder knot. You can visit an acupuncturist or press your trigger points yourself. 

Everyone’s body is different, but there are some widely recognized trigger points along your back and neck. Pressing these may relax your shoulder muscles and get rid of the inflamed knot. 

The back of your neck and several spots along your spine contain trigger points. Experiment with safe amounts of pressure to see which ones feel relaxing to your shoulder muscles. You may need a friend or partner to help you press these trigger points. 

Another way to put pressure on trigger points is to use an acupressure mat. These mats contain small plastic spikes that press into your muscles and relieve tension over time. Laying on an acupressure mat can produce similar benefits to acupuncture and trigger point therapy. 

Medication: Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers 

If you’ve tried everything and your shoulder knot is still causing you pain, you can try over-the-counter medication. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are affordable and work to reduce inflammation throughout your body. With less inflammation in your shoulders, you could experience blissful pain relief. 

The downside to this method is that the pain relief is temporary. Once the over-the-counter medication wears off, you’ll have to take another dose to experience relief. Medication can help for short periods, but it’s best to address the underlying cause of your muscle knots to get rid of them for good. 

Reduce Inflammation and Muscular Pain With Stem Cell Treatments 

Sports injuries, orthopedic problems, and musculoskeletal conditions can all lead to muscle knots and pain. Stem cell therapy assists in reducing inflammation and relieving discomfort so you can experience a better quality of life. 

Stem cells can form into almost any type of specialized body cell. This adaptability means they play a key role in regenerating damaged tissues, which can help people with sports injuries and other muscular problems. 

If you experience chronic inflammation and pain, stem cell therapy offers a drug-free alternative for you to try. These treatments often use your own stem cells, so there’s minimal risk of adverse side effects. Alternatively, you may use donor stem cells. 

Prevent and Treat Shoulder Knots and Muscle Tension

Your muscles can form knots for many different reasons. What’s important is addressing the root causes of your chronic inflammation and muscle pain. 

No matter what path you choose, it’s important to reduce mental stress and keep your body healthy. Gentle physical activity can improve your mobility and reduce your chances of developing muscle knots in the future.

If at-home techniques and treatments aren’t working, you may need a more advanced solution, like regenerative medicine. Consider what works best for you and work toward a pain-free life. 

Utilizing Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Therapy

Utilizing Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Therapy

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are the most serious complication associated with spinal injuries and often result in permanent damage to the nervous system. With nearly 300,000 people in the United States living with SCI, the inability to treat these injuries has a significant impact on physical, mental, and financial health. 

Additionally, while 94% of those suffering acute traumatic SCI survive initial treatment for the condition, both long-term survival and quality of life are often reduced as a result of post-injury complications. Further complicating the issue is the fact that the current standard of SCI treatment is designed only to reduce the secondary effects of injury and not directly promote healing through neuroregeneration.

Considering that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to have anti-inflammatory properties, promote vascular regeneration, and to release neuro-nutrients, they are becoming increasingly promising as a potential treatment for SCI.

In this article, Xia et al. examine the evidence of pathophysiological changes occurring after SCI, review the underlying mechanisms of MSCs, summarize the potential application of MSCs in clinical practice, and highlight the challenges surrounding the use of MSCs in the treatment of SCI in future applications. 

The goal of any SCI therapeutic treatment option is to promote rapid recovery of neurological function through a combination of medical and surgical interventions. However, to date, there are no optimal treatment strategies that allow for this goal to be met.   

MSCs’ multidirectional differentiation capabilities are highly viable and known to provide structural support in SCI. In terms of using MSCs in the treatment of SCI, and specifically for their role as an anti-inflammatory agent, the most attractive aspect is their unique immunomodulatory ability.

Additionally, the goal of treatment after SCI is to repair the damaged nerve cells and restore nerve function. Studies exploring differentiation of MSCs after SCI have demonstrated spontaneously expressed neuromarkers at SCI sites and have allowed for recovery of neurological function. 

The authors point out that traumatic SCI usually results in the direct destruction of blood vessels around the spinal cord which often results in ischemic necrosis and secondary injuries. Since promoting vascular recovery contributes to the recovery of motor function in patients with SCI, SCI vascular recovery is a new target for the treatment of SCI. Several studies have observed that MSCs secrete angiogenic factors that promote pericyte recruitment, a critical step in vascular maturation. The authors also report recent findings indicating that 57% of the vascular endothelial cells around the SCI of a mouse showed vascular regeneration effects after receiving MSC-EVs with an extensive vascular network formed around the injury over a period of 28 days.

Although MSCs are beneficial to the recovery of neurological function in patients with SCI, the authors call for additional research to focus on better understanding the SCI cellular mechanisms and MSC action for use in clinical practice. Additionally, Xia et al. point out that the survival rate and long-term survival of MSCs in the SCI microenvironment remain an unresolved issue.

MSCs repair SCI through anti-inflammatory effects and by promoting nerve axon regeneration and vascular regeneration. While further research is required to fully understand the mechanism underlying the effect of MSCs, the authors conclude the role of MSCs in treating SCI has been demonstrated in several clinical trials. 

Source: “Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury.” 

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141601/full.

Is ED a Warning Sign of Heart Disease?

Is ED a Warning Sign of Heart Disease?

Lots of symptoms and signs can warn you that you may be at risk of suffering from heart disease, but did you know erectile dysfunction is one of them? Learn more about the connection between cardiovascular issues and erectile dysfunction — and what treatment options you may have. 

Understanding How Erections Form

To understand how erectile dysfunction may be a sign of heart disease, it’s first necessary to know how an erection forms. 

Erections don’t just depend on the correct functioning of the genitals. Instead, the process relies on a complex set of interactions between your hormones, brain, blood vessels, and muscles throughout the body. 

The moment there’s a mental or physical stimulus, the process begins. When you’re aroused, your brain uses your blood vessels and nerves to send signals to the rest of your body. These signals stimulate blood to flow to the penis, letting the erectile chamber expand. 

Testosterone levels also play a role since it functions as a vasodilator, opening up your blood vessels. 

If there’s any kind of issue in any of these steps, it can result in erection problems. That also includes if your heart isn’t strong enough to pump blood or if there’s plaque buildup in your blood vessels. If either of those things happens, your erectile chamber won’t expand. 

Some of the most common signs of erectile dysfunction include:

  • Being able to get an erection but not maintain it long enough for intercourse.
  • Only sometimes being able to get an erection before intercourse.
  • Requiring a lot of stimulation to get or maintain an erection.
  • Complete inability to get an erection.

It can be normal to have trouble every once in a while, getting an erection, but if it starts occurring regularly, you should visit your doctor to understand what the problem is. 

Heart Disease and Erectile Dysfunction: Shared Risk Factors

Heart disease and erectile dysfunction share common risk factors, which is why, many times, one of these issues can point to another. 

Shared risk factors of these conditions include:

  • Age
  • Diabetes
  • High blood pressure
  • Non-active lifestyle
  • Smoking
  • High cholesterol
  • Obesity
  • Stress

If you have a family history of heart disease or erectile dysfunction, you are also more likely to develop the problem yourself because there are genetic factors at play. 

Is Erectile Dysfunction a Heart Disease Warning Sign?

Erectile dysfunction isn’t always a sign of heart disease, but it often is. This is because of the heart’s function in the process of forming an erection. 

If the arteries in the body are affected by atherosclerosis, which is when plaque builds and doesn’t allow as much blood to flow, this can lead to problems with blood flow to the penis. Atherosclerosis also increases your chances of having a heart attack. 

Because the arteries in the penis are so narrow, erectile dysfunction can be the first sign of plaque buildup. 

Another potential connection between erectile dysfunction and heart disease is endothelial dysfunction. This condition is when the blood vessels constrict instead of dilating, and it’s a type of non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Your arteries narrow even though there’s nothing blocking them. 

Treating Erectile Dysfunction

If you struggle with erectile dysfunction, your healthcare provider might suggest a number of treatment options depending on the underlying cause of the problem. 

If the problem is related to cardiovascular issues, including atherosclerosis, treatments can include lifestyle changes. This can mean becoming more active by adding cardiovascular exercises like walking, swimming, and jogging to your life. Always speak with your doctor before beginning any kind of exercise routine.  

Quitting smoking is another step you can take, as is adjusting your diet. You should limit your intake of saturated fats so that you can start lowering your cholesterol levels. 

You’ll want to avoid alcohol as well. Alcohol interferes with the messengers in the brain that tell the penis to fill with blood while also reducing the production of testosterone levels. Alcohol is also bad for your heart since it causes high blood pressure, putting more stress on the organ. 

Some oral medications that increase blood flow to the penis aren’t a good choice if you also have some types of heart disease, so it’s important to ensure that your doctor identifies what’s causing the erectile dysfunction before prescribing medications. 

An option that shows promising results is regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine options like stem cell therapy provide the chance to treat the underlying cause of erectile dysfunction. 

Stem cell therapy relies on stem cells, which have the ability to transform into many other kinds of cells, encouraging the growth of healthier blood vessels so that the penis can receive better blood flow. 

One of the most important benefits stem cell therapies offers is that it doesn’t require an invasive procedure. 

Another regenerative medicine treatment option is platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy. PRP therapy uses a sample of your blood that contains concentrated platelet levels and is full of growth factors. 

A PRP injection stimulates blood flow and the growth of new and healthier blood vessels. 

Getting Help for Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction can impact your whole life, affecting your self-esteem and even warning you that there may be other health issues to consider. Turning to your healthcare provider is the best thing you can do to understand what the underlying cause of the problem is and whether it points to issues like cardiovascular disease. 

For many men, dealing with erectile dysfunction, with or without heart disease issues, means making lifestyle changes and considering treatment options like regenerative medicine. 

Because choices like PRP therapy and stem cell therapy provide the chance to get to the root problem without putting you at risk of side effects, as medication does, it could be the right choice for men who are struggling with both erectile dysfunction and heart problems.  

The Healing Benefits of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Skin Inflammatory Conditions of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis

The Healing Benefits of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Skin Inflammatory Conditions of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis

Chronic skin inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, are considered uncontrolled responses to systemic inflammation.

Characterized by swelling, irritation, and rash chronic skin inflammatory disease, these common skin inflammatory diseases are estimated to affect 25% of the population, with AD and psoriasis being the most common form of the disease.

Recent methods used to treat AD and psoriasis have been based on inhibition, not regulation, of the condition. Over time, these methods of treatment can result in a number of side effects and drug resistance.

Considering that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used to treat a number of immune diseases, Yang et al. believe they present as a promising treatment for chronic skin inflammatory disease. As part of this review, the authors discuss the therapeutic effects of MSCs on AD and psoriasis, provide clinical evaluation of the administration of MSCs, and present a comprehensive vision for the application of MSCs in future research and treatment.

AD and psoriasis are known to be systemic and immune-allergic inflammatory skin diseases caused primarily by the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. MSCs play a role in regeneration and immunomodulation and their function in skin lesions present in these conditions could provide important information about their biological function in the diseases. 

Considering that inflammation related to both AD and psoriasis begins at the MSC level, a treatment designed to address abnormal MSCs can potentially improve the pathogenesis of these diseases. While this method appears promising, the authors point out that the therapeutic methods designed to treat lesions associated with MSCs have yet to be determined and treating skin inflammatory disease with these improved MSCs requires further clinical study.

The authors also highlight the potential benefit of preconditioning MCSs as a way to improve the immune regulation capacity in treating a range of immune diseases. Specifically, precondition MSCs have been shown to alleviate allergic inflammation in keratinocytes and reduce inflammation in the skin through the JAK-STAT pathway.  

While the benefits associated with preconditioning MSCs for this purpose require further research, Yang et al. believe that preconditioning MSCs with inflammatory factors can more effectively treat skin inflammatory diseases.  

In addition to showing the benefits of MSC therapy when treating AD and psoriasis, the authors of this review also point out some limitations associated with the application of MSCs. These limitations include the need for double-blind placebo-controlled studies to indicate the potential clinical application of MSCs in AD and psoriasis and issues with the production and cost of MSCs not being able to reach the standard (making it difficult to translate into clinical treatment).

Despite these limitations, the application of MSCs has shown to be more effective in treating AD and psoriasis than other options that are currently available.

Yang et al. conclude that the advancing technology for administering MSCs and their capability of regeneration, immunomodulation, and differentiation have made them a promising strategy for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases. The authors also call for additional studies to further uncover the mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of MSCs in AD and psoriasis to help better define therapeutic strategies for treating these diseases.

Source: Yang J, Xiao M, Ma K, Li H, Ran M, Yang S, Yang Y, Fu X and Yang S (2023) Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives in common skin inflammatory diseases: Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Front. Immunol. 14:1092668. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092668

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