Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a long-term lung disease that causes ongoing inflammation and irreversible damage to lung tissues. This damage affects both the structure and function of the lungs, leading to serious breathing problems. COPD is a major health challenge worldwide, causing significant illness and death. Although current treatments can ease symptoms,…
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common, progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It occurs when brain cells that produce a chemical called dopamine begin to die, particularly in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra. Dopamine plays a crucial role in controlling movement, so when these cells are lost, people experience symptoms…
Alzheimer’s disease affects millions of people around the world, but women seem to carry a larger burden. In fact, nearly two-thirds of all Alzheimer’s cases are found in women. While it’s true that women tend to live longer than men - and age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer’s - researchers now believe that’s…
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is among the most devastating injuries a person can face, often resulting in partial or complete paralysis and a significant loss of independence. Recovery is usually limited, even with the best available care, leaving millions worldwide with lifelong challenges. Over the past two decades, however, researchers have focused on new ways…
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a long-term condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the cartilage in the knee begins to break down, often due to aging, injury, or repeated stress on the joint. Early signs of OA include swelling, stiffness, and pain in the knee. Over time, the condition worsens, leading to…
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that can damage many different parts of the body, including the kidneys, lungs, brain, and blood system. Because it can attack so many organs, it often leads to serious illness and even death. For many years, doctors have used medications like corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide (CTX), and mycophenolate…
Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are among the most challenging medical conditions to treat. These disorders involve the gradual breakdown and loss of neurons in specific areas of the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, and impaired movement or cognition. Despite decades…
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious outcomes of spinal trauma. It typically leads to either temporary or permanent loss of sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve functions below the affected area and can significantly impact a person's quality of life. Worldwide, approximately 10.5 out of every 100,000 people experience SCI. While modern…
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide, causing debilitating symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and difficulty walking. Existing treatments primarily manage symptoms without addressing the underlying causes, highlighting the need for more effective therapeutic approaches. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a promising option, demonstrating potential neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative…
Chronic low back pain is a widespread issue, affecting over 600 million people globally. It is a leading cause of disability, with significant social and economic consequences. In the United States alone, nearly 27 million adults experience back problems, with approximately 19 million seeking treatment. Discogenic lower back pain, which originates from the intervertebral discs,…
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