by Stemedix | Jul 28, 2023 | Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Crohn's Disease, Stem Cell Therapy
According to the CDC, an estimated 3.1 million adults (1.3%) in the United States have been diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis.
Characterized by abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition, CD is thought to be the result of swelling and inflammation of the tissue of the digestive tract.
To date, there is not a clearly prescribed method for the treatment or prevention of CD. However, recently, researchers have found stem cells to be a promising treatment option, primarily for the observed ability to regulate immunity, repair injury, and control inflammation.
Building on the positive findings of previous studies that have used autologous stem cells or adipose-derived stem cells to treat CD and its associated complications, Zhang et al.’s randomized controlled clinical trial examines the use of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as a treatment for CD.
This study followed 82 patients who had been diagnosed with CD and had received steroid maintenance therapy for more than 6 months. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to receive a series of four peripheral intravenous infusions of UC-MCSs/kg administered over the course of a four-week period. Then, by using the Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI) Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI), and corticosteroid dosage, participants in both the control and experimental group were followed up with over a 12-month period.
At the conclusion of this study, Zhang et al. found that the group receiving umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells infusion experienced a significant decrease in the required dosage of corticosteroid dosage and a significant improvement in the overall condition of the patients. These findings led the authors to conclude that UC-MSCs can attenuate immune malfunction in patients with CD. Considering these findings, the authors suggest that the mechanisms of UC-MSC efficacy in CD be elucidated to better understand the precise selection of patients who receive this specific stem-cell treatment in the future.
The authors point out that, while the specific mechanisms of alleviating CD by UC-MSCs remain obscure, it is suggested that the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines serves a beneficial role in the process.
The authors also raise concerns over the safety of the clinical application of stem cells in this application, highlighting conflicting findings as to the safety of the process. Considering the prevalence of stem cells’ ability to regulate and suppress immunity in other studies, Zhang et al. infer that the patient infections observed during their trial were associated with immunosuppression by stem cells.
While the study suggested that the peripheral infusion of UC-MSCs was convenient and safe, the authors point out that there was little distribution of UC-MSCs in the intestinal tissue and risk of cells being retained in the pulmonary capillaries. As a result, the authors call for future studies comparing the efficacy of interventional infusion into the inferior mesenteric artery to that of peripheral infusion. To know more about mesenchymal stem cell treatment for Crohn’s disease visit Stemedix website and read more related article.
by admin | Jul 26, 2023 | Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Extracellular Vesicles, Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell Therapy
Researchers continue to tout the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an evolving approach for the repair of damaged tissue or lost cells.
Specifically, the ability of MSCs to differentiate and secrete beneficial factors and vesicles is believed to play the most influential role in the regeneration of injured tissues and cells affected by various diseases.
Recently, research into the regenerative potential of MSCs has focused on the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by MSCs as an emerging and potential non-cellular therapeutic approach for healing or repairing injured or damaged tissue.
MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs), or cell-free therapies, in contrast to treatments based on whole cells, are easier to manage and safer due to lower amounts of membrane-bound proteins such as MHC molecules and their inability to directly form tumors.
In this review, Keshtkar et al. discuss and describe the extracellular vesicles released by MSCs and their therapeutic potential for addressing different disease models.
These EVs are membrane-packed vesicles that are secreted by a variety of cell types and found in a variety of physiological fluids. In addition to MSCs, EVs are also secreted by T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, platelets, mast cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, neuronal cells, cancerous cells, and embryonic cells. EVs are also found in urine, blood, breast milk, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and amniotic fluid.
EVs have repeatedly demonstrated that they perform an important role in cell-to-cell communication and have been implicated in a number of important processes, including the immune response, homeostasis maintenance, coagulation, and inflammation.
Several studies have explored the use of MSC- EVs as therapeutic treatment options for kidney disease, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disease. The authors of this review report the beneficial therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs in each of the disease models listed above, which include a significant reduction in inflammation, improved angiogenesis, reduced oxidative stress, the suppression of fibrosis, and increased cell proliferation.
Keshtkar et al. conclude that EVs can be easily isolated from MSCs of various origins and can be transferred to target cells to introduce therapeutic effects that include the regeneration of tissue and suppression of inflammation. Additionally, the authors point out that EVs could be an effective, safe therapeutic option.
Considering the potential therapeutic benefits of MSC-EV regenerative therapy, the authors suggest standardizing methods for EV isolation, characterization, and administration as ways to provide safe, effective, and powerful new therapies based on MSC-EVs.
Source: “Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles – NCBI.” 9 Mar. 2018, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5845209/.
by admin | Jul 24, 2023 | Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Kidney Disease, Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell Therapy
What is Kidney Disease?
Kidney disease, also known as renal disease or nephropathy, refers to a condition in which the kidneys are damaged or unable to function properly. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products, excess fluid, and toxins from the blood, while also maintaining the body’s electrolyte balance and producing important hormones. When kidney disease occurs, these vital functions are compromised, leading to a range of complications.
What Causes Kidney Disease?
Kidney disease can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. Kidney disease can have various causes, and understanding these underlying factors is crucial in managing the condition effectively. There are several primary causes of kidney disease:
Diabetes: Diabetes is a leading cause of kidney disease. High blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys over time, impairing their ability to function properly. This condition, known as diabetic nephropathy, can progress to chronic kidney disease and ultimately lead to kidney failure.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Uncontrolled high blood pressure puts excessive strain on the blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to their damage. Over time, this can result in chronic kidney disease. Conversely, kidney disease can also cause hypertension, creating a harmful cycle.
Glomerulonephritis: Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli, which are tiny filters in the kidneys responsible for removing waste from the blood. This inflammation can be triggered by infections, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications, leading to kidney damage and impaired function.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): PKD is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts gradually enlarge and interfere with kidney function, ultimately leading to kidney failure.
Urinary Tract Obstruction: Kidney disease can also result from obstructions in the urinary tract, such as kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate gland. These blockages can disrupt the normal flow of urine, causing kidney damage and infection.
Infections: Severe or recurrent kidney infections, such as pyelonephritis, can cause inflammation and scarring of the kidneys. If left untreated, these infections can lead to chronic kidney disease.
Medications and Toxins: Certain medications and toxins can damage the kidneys if used improperly or in excessive amounts. Examples include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), certain antibiotics, and illicit drugs.
It’s important to note that some individuals may have a combination of risk factors that contribute to kidney disease. Additionally, early detection, regular monitoring, and proper management of these underlying causes can significantly slow the progression of kidney disease and help preserve kidney function.
What Are the Symptoms?
The symptoms of kidney disease may vary depending on the stage and underlying cause but often include fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, frequent urination, foamy or bloody urine, persistent itching, and high blood pressure. However, in the early stages, kidney disease may be asymptomatic, making early detection and regular screening crucial, especially for individuals with risk factors.
If you suspect that you have kidney disease, it is crucial to take immediate action and seek medical attention. If kidney disease is diagnosed, it is vital to follow the advice and treatment plan provided by your healthcare professional.
Kidney disease requires ongoing monitoring to assess kidney function, evaluate the progression of the disease, and adjust treatment if necessary. Your healthcare professional will schedule regular follow-up appointments to review your progress, conduct further tests as needed, and make any necessary adjustments to your treatment plan.
Coping with a chronic condition like kidney disease can be emotionally challenging. Consider reaching out to friends, family, or support groups who can provide encouragement, share experiences, and offer practical advice. Support from others who understand the journey can be invaluable.
Left untreated, kidney disease can lead to serious complications such as fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, anemia, bone disorders, cardiovascular problems, and ultimately kidney failure. In end-stage renal disease, patients may require dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain life.
What are Kidney Disease Treatments?
Management of kidney disease involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, medication, and, in some cases, medical procedures. Treatment aims to slow the progression of the disease, control symptoms, and prevent complications. Lifestyle changes may include maintaining a healthy diet with controlled salt and protein intake, staying adequately hydrated, exercising regularly, managing blood pressure and blood sugar levels, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
Regenerative Medicine for Kidney Disease
Regenerative medicine holds great potential for the treatment of kidney disease. It involves the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to stimulate the regeneration and repair of damaged kidney tissue.
MSC therapy has shown promising potential for the treatment of kidney diseases. MSCs are a type of adult stem cell that can be isolated from various sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord tissue.
In the context of kidney disease, stem cells have been studied for their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. They have the ability to differentiate into different cell types, including kidney cells, and can also release various growth factors and cytokines that promote tissue repair and modulate the immune response. Here are some key points regarding the potential of MSC therapy for kidney disease:
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): MSC therapy has been investigated as a potential treatment for AKI, a sudden loss of kidney function. Studies have shown that MSCs can enhance kidney repair, reduce inflammation, and improve kidney function in animal models of AKI. Clinical trials are underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSC therapy for AKI in humans.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): MSC therapy holds promise for the treatment of CKD, a progressive loss of kidney function over time. MSCs have been shown to have beneficial effects on renal fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which are key factors in CKD progression. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSCs can ameliorate kidney damage and improve kidney function in animal models of CKD.
Immune modulation: MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties, which can be advantageous in kidney diseases with an immune component, such as autoimmune kidney diseases (e.g., lupus nephritis). MSCs can suppress abnormal immune responses, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair, thereby potentially mitigating the immune-mediated damage to the kidneys.
Safety and Delivery: MSC therapy has been generally considered safe, with no significant adverse effects reported in studies. Delivery methods vary but may include intravenous infusion or direct injection into the renal tissue during surgical procedures.
Kidney disease is a condition characterized by impaired kidney function, which can arise from various causes. Early detection, regular monitoring, and appropriate management are essential to slow the progression of the disease, maintain kidney function, and prevent complications. It is important for individuals with risk factors or concerning symptoms to seek medical attention for proper evaluation and treatment.
by admin | Jul 19, 2023 | Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Osteoarthritis, Stem Cell Therapy
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common and widespread form of arthritis, affecting an estimated 655 million people worldwide. Occurring as a result of cartilage degeneration, OA is a progressive degenerative disorder that most commonly affects the joints of the hands, hips, knees, and spine.
Although OA can affect anyone, it is most commonly observed in older patients. In fact, all individuals over the age of 65 are believed to demonstrate some clinical or radiographic evidence of OA.
While surgical and pharmaceutical treatment options for OA exist as a way to manage the symptoms and progression of the disease, treatment for the restoration of normal cartilage function has yet to be achieved.
Considering the tissue of joint cartilage is composed primarily of chondrocytes found in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), using these specific stem cells appears to have significant potential for use in the therapeutic regeneration of cartilage.
In this review, Gupta et al. evaluate the advances in using BMSCs and their therapeutic potential for repairing cartilage damage in OA. Evaluating current research, the authors point out that one of the key characteristics of MSCs, including BMSCs, is that they are generally hypoimmunogenic and possess immunosuppressive activity, suggesting that BMSCs could be used as allogeneic applications for cartilage repair.
Preclinical models of OA have also demonstrated that the effects of MSC transplantation have been effective for cartilage repair. Additionally, clinical models have reported on the safety and positive therapeutic effects of MNSC administration in patients with OA.
The authors point out that while the exact mechanism by which BMSCs regenerate articular cartilage in patients with OA is not clear, their ability to induce proliferation and tissue-specific differentiation appears to aid in the repair of damaged cartilage.
The ability of BMSCs to migrate and engraft onto multiple musculoskeletal tissues and differentiate at the site of injury while demonstrating anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties demonstrate their potential as a therapeutic treatment for degenerative diseases like OA.
While the information provided in this review demonstrates the potential of BMSCs to support treatment and recovery from the damage caused because of OA, Gupta et al. call for additional clinical studies to assess the curative properties and long-term outcome of using MCSCs for the treatment of OA before they can be used routinely as a clinical treatment for the condition.
Source: “Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis – PMC.” 9 Jul. 2012, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3580463/.
by Stemedix | Jul 17, 2023 | Transverse Myelitis
Transverse myelitis is a neurological condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the spinal cord, damaging the nerve fibers and causing various neurological symptoms.
The inflammation in transverse myelitis disrupts the normal functioning of the spinal cord, affecting the transmission of nerve signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
The exact cause of transverse myelitis is often unknown, but it is thought to result from an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the healthy tissue of the spinal cord. It can be associated with viral or bacterial infections, vaccination, or certain autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
What Symptoms are Caused by Transverse Myelitis?
Transverse myelitis can cause a variety of symptoms that typically appear suddenly and progress rapidly over a few hours to a few weeks. The specific symptoms experienced may vary from person to person, but commonly observed symptoms include:
Sensory disturbances: Patients may experience abnormal sensations in the affected areas of the body, such as numbness, tingling, or a “pins and needles” sensation. Some individuals may have heightened sensitivity to touch, while others may experience decreased sensation or a loss of sensation.
Motor problems: Weakness or paralysis may occur in the muscles controlled by the affected spinal cord segment. This can lead to difficulty walking, performing fine motor tasks, or maintaining balance and coordination. Some individuals may experience muscle spasms or involuntary muscle contractions.
Bladder and bowel dysfunction: Transverse myelitis can disrupt the normal control of bladder and bowel function. This can manifest as urinary urgency, frequency, incontinence (inability to control urination), or retention (inability to empty the bladder fully). Bowel movements may also be affected, leading to constipation or fecal incontinence.
Pain: Many individuals with transverse myelitis experience severe, localized back pain at the level of the inflammation. The pain may be sharp, stabbing, burning, or aching in nature. It can radiate to the arms, legs, or other parts of the body.
Fatigue: Fatigue is a common symptom experienced by individuals with transverse myelitis. It can be debilitating and may significantly impact daily activities.
Other symptoms: Depending on the extent and location of the inflammation, additional symptoms can arise. These may include changes in temperature sensation, altered sexual function, difficulty breathing or swallowing, and abnormalities in reflexes or muscle tone.
It’s important to note that not all individuals will experience every symptom, and the severity and duration of symptoms can vary. Prompt medical evaluation is crucial if you suspect transverse myelitis, as early intervention and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent further damage.
How is Transverse Myelitis Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of transverse myelitis typically involves several diagnostic steps. Firstly, the doctor will conduct a medical history review and inquire about the symptoms, their onset, and progression. A comprehensive physical examination will be performed to evaluate neurological function, including sensory, motor, and reflex responses.
To visualize the spinal cord and confirm the diagnosis, a key diagnostic test is an MRI scan, which can detect inflammation, lesions, or structural abnormalities in the spinal cord. In some cases, a lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, may be performed to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis, which helps identify markers of inflammation, infection, or underlying causes.
Blood tests may also be conducted to assess autoimmune markers, infectious agents, or other potential contributors to transverse myelitis. Additional tests, such as electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies, can assess nerve function and muscle activity while ruling out similar conditions.
Evoked potentials, which measure the electrical responses of the brain and spinal cord to sensory stimuli, are used to evaluate nerve signal conduction and detect abnormalities along the spinal cord.
These diagnostic steps are vital for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of transverse myelitis.
How is Transverse Myelitis Treated?
The treatment of transverse myelitis aims to manage symptoms, address the underlying cause (if known), and promote functional recovery. The specific treatment approach may vary depending on the individual’s symptoms, severity of the condition, and the underlying cause. Here are some common treatment options:
High-dose intravenous corticosteroids: Corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, are often prescribed as the initial treatment for transverse myelitis. They help reduce inflammation in the spinal cord and may help shorten the duration of symptoms. These medications are usually administered through a vein (intravenously) over a few days.
Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis): Plasma exchange involves removing a portion of the patient’s blood, separating the liquid portion (plasma), and replacing it with donor plasma or a substitute. This procedure aims to remove harmful antibodies or immune system components that may be contributing to the inflammation.
Immune system modulating therapies: In cases where transverse myelitis is associated with an autoimmune condition, additional medications may be prescribed to modify or suppress the immune system’s response. These can include immunosuppressants, such as azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil, or immune system modulators like intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).
Symptomatic treatment: Various medications and therapies can be employed to manage specific symptoms. For example, medications may be prescribed to alleviate pain, muscle spasms, or urinary/bowel dysfunction. Physical and occupational therapy can help improve strength, mobility, and functional abilities. Assistive devices or adaptive equipment may also be recommended to aid in daily activities.
Treatment of underlying cause: If a specific cause or trigger is identified, such as an infection or autoimmune disorder, treating that underlying condition becomes an important part of the overall management.
Supportive care: Transverse myelitis can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Supportive care, including psychological support, counseling, and rehabilitation services, can be beneficial in managing the emotional and physical challenges associated with the condition.
It is important to work closely with a healthcare professional experienced in treating neurological disorders to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for transverse myelitis. They can assess individual circumstances and tailor the treatment approach accordingly. Early intervention and prompt treatment can help manage symptoms, minimize complications, and optimize long-term outcomes.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Transverse Myelitis
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promise in the treatment of various neurological conditions, including transverse myelitis. MSCs are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into different cell types and possess immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Here’s an overview of the use of MSCs in transverse myelitis:
MSCs have the potential in reducing inflammation, promoting tissue repair, and improving functional recovery in transverse myelitis.
MSCs have immunomodulatory properties, meaning they can modulate the immune response and suppress excessive inflammation. This can help reduce the damage caused by immune system activity in transverse myelitis.
MSCs release anti-inflammatory molecules that can reduce inflammation and protect the spinal cord from further damage. This can potentially alleviate symptoms and promote healing.
MSCs have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, including neuronal cells and supporting cells. When introduced into the injured spinal cord, they can potentially aid in tissue repair and regeneration.
Some clinical trials have explored the safety and efficacy of MSCs in transverse myelitis and other spinal cord disorders. These trials have shown promising results in terms of safety and potential therapeutic benefits, including improved neurological function and quality of life.
If you or someone you know is interested in exploring MSC therapy for transverse myelitis, it’s crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare professional who specializes in stem cell therapy or neurological disorders. They can provide guidance, discuss the potential benefits and risks, and help determine the suitability of MSC therapy on an individual basis.
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