Immune modulation plays a key role in regenerative medicine for multiple sclerosis (MS). At Stemedix, we focus on restoring immune balance to help reduce symptoms and slow disease progression. Regenerative medicine treatments, including stem cell therapies, target immune responses to decrease inflammation and support tissue repair. Since MS is an autoimmune condition, regulating immune function can help maintain quality of life and support overall health. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, approximately 2.8 million people worldwide are living with MS, and around 1 million of those are in the United States. Effective immune modulation can help reduce relapses and manage symptoms, offering patients a better quality of life.
If you are considering regenerative medicine in Saint Petersburg, FL, Stemedix provides personalized treatment options designed to meet your needs. Our team is committed to guiding you through the potential benefits of regenerative medicine for MS, offering expert care every step of the way.
What is Immune Modulation?
Immune modulation is the process of adjusting the immune system’s response to either boost or suppress its activity, depending on the condition being treated. In regenerative medicine, it helps correct immune system imbalances in conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS). Instead of only addressing symptoms, this approach targets the underlying dysfunction. Regulating immune activity promotes balance, reduces inflammation, and supports tissue repair, offering a way to manage MS more effectively.
Immune System’s Role in Multiple Sclerosis
In multiple sclerosis (MS), the immune system wrongly attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system. This causes nerve damage, inflammation, and a range of disabling symptoms. An estimated 85% of MS patients are initially diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), which is characterized by clear relapses followed by periods of partial or complete recovery. Instead of protecting against harmful invaders, the immune system turns on the body’s own tissues.
Immune modulation through regenerative medicine works to correct this dysfunction by rebalancing the immune system, preventing further damage, and encouraging tissue repair. This approach not only alleviates symptoms but can also slow the progression of the disease, giving patients better chances for stability and improved function. By addressing the root cause, immune modulation helps the body heal naturally.
At Stemedix, we provide regenerative medicine in Saint Petersburg, FL, focusing on immune modulation to help manage MS. Our therapies aim to restore immune balance, promote tissue repair, and enhance your quality of life, offering a personalized path to long-term symptom relief and disease management.
The Science Behind Immune Modulation in Regenerative Medicine
Immune modulation in regenerative medicine often involves the use of stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells help repair damaged tissues and regulate immune responses. In multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system attacks the body’s tissues, MSCs assist in restoring balance by reducing inflammation and encouraging tissue repair. This process helps prevent further immune attacks on the myelin sheath, providing relief and improving the overall condition of MS patients.
Stem Cells and Their Role in Immune Modulation
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have distinct characteristics that make them highly effective for immune modulation in multiple sclerosis (MS). They can release bioactive molecules that influence the immune system, reducing harmful immune responses and supporting tissue repair.
MSCs also reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, which trigger inflammation, while promoting the activity of anti-inflammatory cells. This ability to balance the immune system and foster tissue regeneration makes stem cell therapy a vital component of regenerative medicine for MS.
For MS patients, stem cells not only help repair immune damage and restore balance but also ease symptoms like muscle pain, fatigue, and coordination problems. Instead of merely slowing disease progression, stem cell therapy provides a path to healing, improving overall health, and supporting long-term recovery.
Autologous vs. Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy
In stem cell therapy for MS, there are two primary methods: autologous and allogeneic stem cell therapy. While each method offers unique benefits, both are designed to help modulate the immune system and promote healing.
Autologous Stem Cell Therapy: This approach uses the patient’s stem cells, which are collected and reintroduced into the body. Because these cells are from the patient, the risk of rejection is minimal, as the immune system typically recognizes them as “self.” However, the effectiveness may depend on the quality of the cells, especially in more advanced stages of the disease.
Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy: Allogeneic stem cell therapy involves using stem cells from a donor. These cells are often more potent and can effectively modulate the immune system. They are also easily accessible, making them a good option for patients who cannot use their own cells. Although there is a slightly higher risk of immune rejection, improvements in stem cell processing have minimized this concern.
Both autologous and allogeneic stem cell therapies play an important role in regulating the immune system to treat MS. Each approach offers distinct benefits based on the patient’s specific condition, MS severity, and other health factors.
At Stemedix, we work closely with patients to determine the most suitable stem cell therapy based on their individual needs. Whether through autologous or allogeneic methods, we aim to use regenerative medicine treatments to restore immune balance, support healing, and enhance the quality of life for individuals living with multiple sclerosis.
How Immune Modulation Can Help Manage MS Symptoms
Immune modulation plays a key role in regenerative medicine treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) by addressing the immune system dysfunction that causes the disease. Stem cell therapy and other immune-modulating treatments help restore immune balance, providing relief and slowing the progression of MS.
Slowing Disease Progression
Immune modulation plays a vital role in treating MS by slowing its progression. MS occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, causing nerve damage and increased disability. Stem cell therapies, particularly mesenchymal stem cells, help regulate the immune response, reducing autoimmune attacks. This minimizes damage to the central nervous system and helps maintain nerve function.
By promoting tissue repair and supporting the body’s natural healing processes, stem cells reduce inflammation and prevent further deterioration. As a result, patients may experience fewer relapses and greater stability, leading to a better quality of life over time.
Reducing Inflammation
Inflammation is a key factor in the progression of MS symptoms, damaging the myelin sheath and causing issues like muscle spasms, pain, and cognitive difficulties. Stem cell therapy helps reduce inflammation by regulating the immune system, lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines, and activating anti-inflammatory cells.
By addressing the underlying cause of inflammation, stem cell therapy helps prevent further attacks on healthy tissue, reducing ongoing damage. Research indicates that MSCs can decrease levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines by up to 60%, significantly lowering inflammation and promoting tissue repair. This approach can ease symptoms such as muscle pain, spasticity, and neurological issues, ultimately improving mobility and lowering flare-up frequency. Many patients report notable relief, leading to an improved quality of life.
Symptom Control and Quality of Life
Immune modulation helps in controlling symptoms for MS patients by improving immune system function. Through regenerative medicine therapies, stem cells help address common MS symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, and coordination issues. By restoring immune balance, these treatments prevent immune attacks that contribute to these symptoms, helping patients feel more energetic and in control.
As immune function improves, many patients notice an enhanced quality of life. With fewer symptoms, daily activities like walking, working, and spending time with loved ones become easier. This renewed independence can have a lasting positive impact, offering MS patients a better sense of well-being. Regenerative medicine supports individuals in regaining control over their health, enabling them to live more fully and manage their condition more effectively.
Why Choose Stemedix for Immune Modulation in MS Treatment?
Treating multiple sclerosis (MS) requires an approach that not only manages symptoms but also slows the progression of the disease. At Stemedix, we specialize in regenerative medicine in Saint Petersburg, FL, with a focus on immune modulation. Our therapies aim to address the underlying causes of MS while helping restore balance to the immune system.
Our Expertise in Regenerative Medicine
At Stemedix, we bring extensive experience and expertise in regenerative medicine, with a strong focus on stem cell therapies for autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS). Our team is dedicated to using advanced stem cell science and immune modulation techniques to develop personalized treatment plans that address the unique needs of each patient. We recognize the challenges MS presents and its impact on the immune system, which is why our approach combines innovation with evidence-based practices.
We offer autologous stem cell therapies, utilizing the patient’s own cells to support healing and regeneration. Our experienced team conducts a thorough evaluation of each patient to create a personalized treatment plan tailored to their unique needs. By focusing on immune modulation, we aim to reduce inflammation, slow disease progression, and promote tissue repair, helping patients manage MS more effectively.
Patient-Centered Approach
At Stemedix, we prioritize our patients by offering a patient-centered approach to treatment. We understand that each individual’s experience with MS is different, which is why we tailor our care to fit your specific medical history, disease progression, and treatment goals.
From the moment you contact us, our dedicated care coordinators collaborate with you to create a personalized treatment plan. They are with you every step of the way, addressing questions, providing guidance, and offering support throughout your treatment. Whether it’s helping with travel arrangements, finding accommodations, or just offering reassurance, our care coordinators are committed to making your experience as seamless and comfortable as possible.
Positive Patient Outcomes
Choosing Stemedix for your immune modulation treatment can lead to positive results, as many patients with MS have reported improvements after stem cell therapy. A systematic review published by the National Institutes of Health reported that over 70% of MS patients treated with stem cell therapy experienced a reduction in relapses and improved mobility within six months of treatment. They have experienced relief from symptoms like muscle pain, inflammation, coordination challenges, and fatigue, which has helped enhance their overall well-being.
These positive results highlight the potential of immune modulation in managing MS. By targeting the root causes of immune system dysfunction, our treatments work to restore balance, reduce the severity of symptoms, and prevent additional neurological damage. This not only helps lower the frequency of MS flare-ups but also promotes better overall health and well-being.
The success stories from our patients demonstrate the effectiveness of our regenerative therapies, showing that Stemedix offers more than just treatment—we provide a path to a better quality of life. With a personalized approach, advanced therapies, and compassionate support, Stemedix is committed to helping you effectively manage MS.
Choosing Stemedix means choosing a treatment plan customized to your needs, supported by a team of experts who are dedicated to delivering the best possible care. We’re here to guide you through every step of your treatment journey, giving you the best opportunity to manage MS and improve your quality of life.
Stemedix: Harnessing Immune Modulation to Manage Multiple Sclerosis
Immune modulation plays an important role in managing multiple sclerosis (MS), giving patients the opportunity to improve how they cope with the disease. By targeting and regulating the immune system, this approach can help slow disease progression, decrease inflammation, and reduce symptoms that make everyday life challenging for those living with MS.
Stem cell therapies, a key aspect of regenerative medicine, offer a pathway to long-term relief by repairing damaged tissues and restoring balance to the immune system. This approach addresses the underlying cause of MS—autoimmune dysfunction—by modulating immune responses to reduce attacks on the central nervous system. As a result, MS patients often experience fewer flare-ups, reduced disability, and an overall enhancement in their quality of life.
By offering tangible improvements, immune modulation through regenerative medicine has become an essential treatment strategy in the fight against Multiple Sclerosis. Stemedix, based in Saint Petersburg, FL, leads the way in providing these specialty therapies, offering personalized treatment plans designed to meet each patient’s unique needs.
Take the first step toward managing MS effectively with Stemedix. Contact us at (727) 456-8968 or email us at yourjourney@stemedix.com to learn more about how our regenerative medicine treatments can help you.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to lasting health challenges, impacting motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Recovery from such injuries is particularly difficult due to the central nervous system’s limited ability to repair itself. As a result, scientists have turned to stem cell therapies, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as a potential solution to help treat traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI).
In this review, Montoto-Meijide et al. explore the role of stem cell therapy in TSCI treatment, the safety and efficacy of MSCs, and the ongoing research aimed at improving these therapies.
Spinal Cord Injury and the Need for Effective Treatments
A spinal cord injury results from trauma that damages the spinal cord, leading to various degrees of paralysis and loss of sensory functions. Recovery is limited because the central nervous system does not regenerate easily, meaning that cells, myelin (which insulates nerve fibers), and neural connections are difficult to restore. Traditional treatments focus on alleviating symptoms and preventing further injury, but they do not offer a cure or promote regeneration. As a result, researchers are exploring stem cell therapies, which have shown potential in regenerating damaged tissues and promoting recovery.
An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
Stem cells are unique in that they can self-renew and differentiate into different types of cells. MSCs are a type of adult stem cell that can develop into various cell types, including bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat cells. MSCs are particularly promising in SCI treatment because of their ability to regenerate tissues and support healing. These cells have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic (preventing cell death), and angiogenic (promoting new blood vessel growth) properties, all of which could aid in the healing of spinal cord injuries.
There are different types of stem cells, including embryonic and adult stem cells. Each source has its advantages and drawbacks. Bone marrow MSCs are the most commonly used in research and clinical trials, but adipose tissue and umbilical cord MSCs are gaining attention due to their availability and regenerative capabilities.
The Role of MSCs in Treating Spinal Cord Injuries
MSCs offer several benefits when applied to SCI treatment. They can promote tissue repair, reduce inflammation, and enhance the formation of new blood vessels. When introduced into an injured spinal cord, MSCs have been shown to:
Promote axonal (nerve fiber) regeneration
Reduce inflammation around the injury site
Support the survival of nerve cells
Enhance the formation of new blood vessels, aiding in tissue repair
These capabilities make MSCs an exciting avenue for research into TSCI treatment. Clinical trials and studies have shown that MSCs can lead to improvements in motor and sensory functions, although the extent of these improvements varies.
Clinical Evidence and Findings
A systematic review of clinical studies involving MSCs for TSCI was conducted, analyzing data from 22 studies, including 21 clinical trials. According to the authors, these findings suggest that MSC-based therapies can lead to improvements in sensory and motor functions, although these effects are often more pronounced in sensory functions than motor functions. Improvements in patients’ ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) impairment scale grades have been reported, indicating positive outcomes for many individuals.
The safety of MSC therapies was also a key focus of these studies. Overall, MSC-based treatments were found to have a good safety profile, with no significant adverse effects such as death or tumor formation reported in clinical trials. Some studies did report mild side effects, such as temporary inflammation or mild discomfort, but these were generally short-lived and not severe.
The Future of MSC Therapy and Other Potential Treatments
MSC therapy represents one of the most promising areas of research for TSCI, but it is not the only potential treatment. Other therapies, including gene therapies, neurostimulation techniques, and tissue engineering approaches, are also being explored to address the challenges of spinal cord injury. The authors believe these approaches could complement MSC therapies or offer new avenues for healing and recovery.
For MSC therapy to become a standard treatment for TSCI, additional research is needed. Clinical trials with larger patient groups, longer follow-up periods, and standardized protocols will be necessary to better understand how MSCs can be used most effectively in treating spinal cord injuries. Additionally, researchers are exploring the best stem cell sources, optimal timing for treatment, and the ideal dosage to maximize benefits.
A Promising Future for Spinal Cord Injury Treatment
While spinal cord injuries are currently devastating and challenging to treat, stem cell therapy, particularly with MSCs, offers a hopeful future. Early studies suggest that MSCs can help promote tissue repair, reduce inflammation, and improve motor and sensory functions, although further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore long-term effects. The scientific community continues to make strides in understanding how MSCs and other therapies can help people with TSCI recover and regain functionality, offering hope for the future.
Source: Montoto-Meijide R, Meijide-Faílde R, Díaz-Prado SM, Montoto-Marqués A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jul 20;24(14):11719. doi: 10.3390/ijms241411719. PMID: 37511478; PMCID: PMC10380897.
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a serious condition that affects the hip joint, leading to bone damage and joint problems. The disease occurs when the blood supply to the femoral head (the top part of the thigh bone) is disrupted, leading to small fractures and a failure of the bone to repair itself.
ONFH is a significant health issue worldwide. In the United States, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 people are diagnosed with ONFH each year. In China, more than 8 million individuals over the age of 15 suffer from nontraumatic ONFH annually. This condition mainly affects younger and middle-aged adults, making long-term treatment outcomes particularly challenging.
One of the most common treatment options for severe ONFH is total hip arthroplasty (THA), also known as hip replacement. However, THA has limitations, including a high revision rate and a limited lifespan for the artificial joint.
To preserve the natural joint and delay or avoid surgery, early intervention is essential. Several treatments are currently available, including medication, physical therapy, and surgical procedures like core decompression and bone grafting. However, these methods produce inconsistent results, meaning that better treatment options are still needed.
One promising approach involves mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy. MSCs play an important role in bone healing, and their use in treating ONFH has been studied extensively.
In this study, Zhao et al. explore the available evidence for the therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) on early-stage traumatic ONFH.
Potential of Stem Cell Therapy in ONFH Treatment
ONFH leads to bone cell death due to lack of blood supply. In patients with ONFH caused by excessive alcohol consumption or steroid use, the ability of MSCs to form new bone is significantly reduced. This results in an imbalance between bone formation and bone loss, leading to the weakening and collapse of the femoral head.
The authors report that adding new MSCs from an external source, such as HUCMSCs, may help by replenishing lost cells and stimulating bone regeneration. Studies have shown that MSCs from healthy individuals can be transplanted into patients without causing immune rejection. MSCs have already been used successfully in regenerating various types of tissues, and they can be obtained from several sources, including bone marrow, fat tissue, and umbilical cords.
BMMSCs are the most commonly studied type of MSCs, but their use is limited because they become less effective with age and disease. Research comparing the effectiveness of different stem cell sources has found that HUCMSCs may be a better alternative. These cells are easily obtained from umbilical cords, involve no ethical concerns, and have strong growth potential. Because of these advantages, HUCMSCs have been proposed as a promising treatment for ONFH.
Safety of Stem Cell Therapy
The authors cite several studies that have analyzed the safety of transplanting both BMMSCs and HUCMSCs. For example, one study following patients for 12 months after receiving MSC therapy found no serious adverse effects. Another study tracked patients for three years and reported no significant side effects.
HUCMSCs, in particular, have been found to improve the local healing environment by secreting factors that reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair. Experimental studies in animals also confirm the safety of HUCMSCs, showing no immune rejection or tumor formation after transplantation.
Effectiveness of HUCMSCs in Treating ONFH
To maximize the effectiveness of HUCMSC therapy, the authors focused on optimizing how the cells are delivered to the femoral head. Intravenous (IV) injection of MSCs demonstrated some benefits, but the number of stem cells that actually reach the affected area was limited. To improve results, researchers also tested direct injection of HUCMSCs into the femoral head, ensuring a higher concentration of cells in the damaged area.
Studies have shown that injected HUCMSCs can survive and function in the low-oxygen and damaged environment of the femoral head. At four weeks after transplantation, a significant number of HUCMSCs were detected in the bone, but by eight weeks, their numbers had decreased. According to the authors, this suggests that the transplanted cells either died or migrated to other areas over time. Despite this, the therapeutic effects at four weeks were better compared to untreated ONFH cases. Imaging studies and tissue analysis confirmed that bones treated with HUCMSCs had improved structure and reduced damage compared to those that did not receive treatment.
Clinical Implications and Future Research
According to Zhao et al., current guidelines suggest that for patients with early-stage ONFH, a combination of core decompression and MSC therapy may be beneficial. Research has shown that MSCs work best when provided in a low-oxygen environment, which enhances their ability to regenerate bone. Further studies are needed to refine MSC treatment strategies, determine the best dosage, and evaluate long-term outcomes.
Future research should also explore ways to prolong the survival of transplanted MSCs in the femoral head. One potential approach is preconditioning MSCs with low oxygen before transplantation to enhance their ability to function in damaged tissue. Other studies suggest that combining MSC therapy with additional bone-supporting treatments, such as growth factors or specialized scaffolds, may improve outcomes.
Stem Cell Therapy for ONFH: A Promising Approach
The authors conclude that HUCMSC therapy offers a promising new approach to treating ONFH by replenishing damaged bone cells, improving blood supply, and reducing inflammation. Compared to other types of stem cells, HUCMSCs have advantages such as easy availability, strong regenerative potential, and low risk of immune rejection. While safety concerns remain, current studies indicate that HUCMSCs are well tolerated and do not cause severe side effects.
Despite this promising approach, ongoing research will help refine the use of HUCMSCs for ONFH treatment and determine the most effective ways to enhance their therapeutic potential. With further development, HUCMSC therapy may become a standard option for preserving hip joint function and delaying or preventing the need for hip replacement surgery.
Source: Zhao J, Meng H, Liao S, Su Y, Guo L, Wang A, Xu W, Zhou H, Peng J. Therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in early traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Orthop Translat. 2022 Oct 14;37:126-142. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.09.008. PMID: 36313533; PMCID: PMC9582590.
Low back pain is a widespread issue that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly impacting their daily lives and placing a substantial financial strain on the healthcare system. Existing treatment options for low back pain often provide only temporary relief and come with various limitations. With the increasing interest in regenerative medicine, newer treatments like orthobiologics, including extracellular vesicles or exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, are being explored as potential alternatives for managing musculoskeletal conditions such as low back pain.
As part of this review, Gupta examines the outcomes of clinical studies using extracellular vesicles or exosomes for treating low back pain.
Understanding Low Back Pain
Low back pain is one of the leading causes of disability across the globe, affecting hundreds of millions of people. The condition is expected to increase in prevalence, with estimates suggesting that 843 million people will be affected by 2050. The lifetime risk of experiencing low back pain ranges between 65% and 85%, contributing to over $50 billion in healthcare costs each year.
Several factors can contribute to low back pain, including:
Lumbar facet joint issues: These joints in the spine can degenerate due to aging, inflammation, or trauma, leading to chronic pain conditions.
Disc herniation: This occurs when the spinal disc bulges into the spinal canal, compressing nerve roots and causing symptoms such as lumbar radiculopathy (pain radiating from the lower back to the legs).
Traditional Treatments for Low Back Pain
Common treatments for low back pain include physical therapy, chiropractic care, acupuncture, pain-relieving medications (such as narcotics and anti-inflammatory drugs), and minimally invasive procedures like nerve blocks and radiofrequency ablation. Despite their widespread use, these approaches often have limited effectiveness in providing long-term pain relief and may carry side effects. For example, steroid injections—one of the most commonly used interventions—often do not offer significant benefits compared to a placebo.
Emerging Treatments: The Role of Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles
Recent research has focused on cellular therapies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their ability to regenerate damaged tissues. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are small particles released by MSCs that play a key role in their therapeutic effects. These vesicles are known to:
Reduce inflammation: EVs can decrease inflammation by promoting the healing type of immune cells (M2 macrophages).
Promote tissue repair: They aid in the healing process and have lower risk of immune rejection than the cells themselves.
EVs may overcome some of the limitations of stem cell therapies, such as poor survival and retention at the treatment site, by delivering therapeutic molecules directly to the affected areas. This makes them a promising candidate for treating conditions like low back pain.
Review of Clinical Studies Using Exosomes for Low Back Pain
This review, Gupta looked at studies published up to March 2024 to assess the use of extracellular vesicles and exosomes in treating low back pain. Several databases were searched for relevant studies, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria focused on clinical trials that involved the use of exosomes for low back pain, while studies that did not explicitly use exosomes or were unrelated to low back pain were excluded.
Only two studies met the criteria:
Study by Phillips et al.: This research involved administering exosomes derived from bone marrow stem cells to patients experiencing lumbar and cervical radiculopathy (nerve pain in the back and neck). The treatment was found to be safe and showed a reduction in pain and improvement in function at a one-month follow-up.
Study by Wilson et al.: In this study, exosomes were injected into the facet joint space of patients with lumbar facet joint pain. The results indicated that the treatment was safe and led to significant improvements in pain relief and function at a three-month follow-up.
These findings align with other literature supporting the potential benefits of using stem cell-based therapies for managing low back pain. The use of exosomes may provide an effective alternative by retaining the regenerative properties of MSCs while avoiding some of the challenges associated with using live cells.
Exosomes: A Promising Treatment for Low Back Pain
Gupta’s review of current studies suggests that exosomes or extracellular vesicles could offer a safe and potentially effective treatment for low back pain. By targeting inflammation and promoting tissue healing, exosomes may provide a novel approach to managing a condition that affects millions of people. However, further high-quality research is necessary to confirm their long-term safety and effectiveness and to understand how they compare to existing treatments.
Source: Gupta A. Exosomes for the Management of Low Back Pain: A Review of Current Clinical Evidence. Cureus. 2024 Apr 3;16(4):e57539. doi: 10.7759/cureus.57539. PMID: 38707134; PMCID: PMC11068073.
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are life-altering conditions with limited treatment options. While rehabilitation and medical management can provide some improvements, regenerative medicine is emerging as a promising alternative. The CELLTOP study, an on-going...
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