Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Promote Periodontal Regeneration
Periodontal disease, better known as gum disease, is very common. About half of all adults have chronic gum disease, and as many as 15% had severe periodontal disease. In periodontal disease, the gums become red and inflamed. The tissues that connect the tooth to the bone, such as the periodontal ligament, are damaged or destroyed. Chronic periodontal disease can even invade and destroy jaw bone. Making matters worse, as the gums recede, they can collect bacteria in spaces called periodontal pockets. Over time, these periodontal pockets can become dental abscesses. As the gums become more and more diseased, the affected tooth or teeth may fall out.
The treatment for periodontal disease varies depending on its severity. Good oral hygiene including regular brushing and flossing can reverse mild periodontitis. A dentist can deeply clean, probe and disrupt periodontal pockets. In more severe cases, topical antiseptics or oral antibiotics may be required. Less often, a dental surgeon must remove diseased areas of gum and bone.
Periodontitis usually chronic and causes significant ongoing inflammation. Thus, the gums take a long time to heal. In many cases, periodontal disease can be difficult to treat.
Fortunately, dental researchers have been exploring ways to use mesenchymal stem cells to help the healing process. More specifically, they have been using the exosomes released by mesenchymal stem cells. Exosomes are small packets of proteins, RNA, and other molecules that help promote growth and tissue regeneration. Since exosomes are not cells, they are much easier to collect, store, transport, and administer to patients. Most importantly, exosomes appear to contain all of the things that make stem cells so powerful in regenerative medicine.
In a 2019 study, Dr. Chew and colleagues used exosomes collected from mesenchymal stem cells to treat rats with periodontal disease. The researchers noticed that animals treated with exosomes healed much faster than untreated animals. Exosomes taken from mesenchymal stem cells promoted periodontal tissue regeneration helped grow new bone and regrew periodontal ligaments. The researchers also found that exosomes were able to recruit new cells to replace the damaged ones.
This scientific research is an exciting breakthrough in the fields of dentistry and periodontics. Chew and co-authors have shown that mesenchymal stem cell exosomes could enhance periodontal tissue regeneration without any adverse effects. The scientists go on to state that these findings will serve as the basis for future “cell-free” exosome treatments for periodontal disease. This is certainly good news for the more than 150 million Americans with periodontitis.
Reference: Chew, JRJ. et al. (2019). Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes enhance periodontal ligament cell functions and promote periodontal regeneration. Acta Biomaterialia. 2019 Apr 15;89:252-264.
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