Low back pain is one of the most widely diagnosed conditions in the world. In the U.S., it’s common throughout adulthood but is especially prevalent for adults under the age of 50. Although there are many causes of low back pain, one common culprit is intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration or degenerative disc disease.

More than 3 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with degenerative disc disease every year. The condition occurs when one more disc, which acts as padding between the vertebrae, breaks down, causing pain. These discs cushion the spine against stress during movement and weight-bearing activity, and they also help the spine bend. Factors such as aging, injury, and repeated daily stress can cause changes in disc structure and loss of fluid in the discs. The body may build bone spurs to compensate for the damaged discs. Discs can also bulge, known as a herniated disc. Other issues may include a narrowing of the spinal canal and cartilage breakdown.

Degenerative disc disease and its host of complications can produce a number of symptoms. In some cases, pain can be severe enough to interfere with daily activities. Symptoms typically progress with age and may include:

• Pain or weakness in the back, which may radiate to the legs, feet, shoulders, arms or hands
• Tingling or numbness in the extremities
• Spinal instability, which can cause intense muscle spasms
• Flareups of severe pain
• Pain that worsens when sitting, bending, twisting, or lifting

Because there is no cure for degenerative disc disease, treatment options are limited. Physical therapy and targeted exercises may help to strengthen and stabilize the affected areas while promoting mobility. Surgical interventions, including spinal fusions and decompression procedures to remove part of the joint, may also be used in cases characterized by persistent pain.